Split-leaf philodendron (Philodendron bipinnatifidum)

Plant Snapshot

Common Name: Split-leaf philodendron
Latin Name: Philodendron bipinnatifidum
Alternate Names: tree philodendron, lacy tree philodendron, Philodendron selloum
Hardiness Zones: USDA zones 9–11 recommended for outdoor planting with minimal winter protection; colder zones suitable only as indoor or seasonal plants
Typical Height: Indoors 3–8 ft (90–240 cm); outdoors plants can be larger over many years
Typical Spread: Can form clumps 4–10 ft (120–300 cm) across as mature specimens outdoors
Bloom Period: Rarely flowers in indoor cultivation; where it blooms outdoors it typically flowers in warmer months such as spring to summer
Soil Preferences: Rich, fertile loam with good drainage and consistent moisture; neutral to slightly acidic pH around 6.0–7.0 is suitable; avoid waterlogged or very dry soils
Light Preferences: Bright indirect light to part shade is ideal; tolerates deeper shade; avoid strong direct afternoon sun which can scorch leaves
Toxicity: All parts contain insoluble calcium oxalate crystals and are toxic if chewed or ingested to people and pets. Skin contact may cause irritation and mouth or throat contact can cause drooling, pain, vomiting and swelling. Seek veterinary or poison control advice if ingested.
Propagation: Stem cuttings rooted in water or potting mix, division of clumps and air layering for larger specimens

Key Facts

Tropical evergreen with deeply lobed, glossy leaves
Commonly grown as a houseplant and as an outdoor specimen in frost-free climates
Can form large clumping or tree-like plants in warm gardens
Contains calcium oxalate crystals that cause irritation if chewed or handled
Propagated easily by stem cuttings or division
Prefers rich, evenly moist but well-drained soil
Does best in bright indirect light or part shade
Flowers are uncommon indoors and are not the main ornamental feature

Split-leaf philodendron (Philodendron bipinnatifidum) is a tropical evergreen known for large deeply lobed glossy leaves and a bold architectural presence. Often grown as a houseplant in cool climates and as a landscape specimen where winters stay frost free, it provides dramatic foliage while requiring space and careful handling because the plant is toxic.

Identification

Philodendron bipinnatifidum has large pinnatifid leaves with deep lobes and a glossy surface that make it unmistakable in collections and landscapes. Common names include tree philodendron and lacy tree philodendron. Houseplants commonly reach a few feet tall and may form much larger clumps outdoors depending on cultivar and growing conditions.

Where to grow and common uses

Grow this species as a statement foliage plant on patios or indoors for a tropical look and as an understorey specimen in part shade outdoors in frost free areas. USDA zones 9-11 are recommended for year round planting with minimal winter protection. In warm climates expect clump forming growth that can occupy significant space over time.

Light and soil

Bright indirect light to part shade suits the split-leaf philodendron best. It tolerates deeper shade but slow growth follows lower light. Use rich, fertile soil that retains consistent moisture while draining well. Neutral to slightly acidic pH around 6.0 to 7.0 is suitable. Avoid waterlogged or extremely dry soils to prevent root decline or leaf reduction.

Watering and feeding

Keep soil evenly moist but not waterlogged to support large leaf production. Poor drainage encourages root rot while extended drought produces smaller, thinner leaves and reduced growth. Provide regular but moderate fertilization during active growth with a balanced fertilizer to maintain vigorous foliage and avoid sudden salt buildup in the root zone.

Planting and spacing

Space plants to allow for clump development rather than crowding. Mature outdoor specimens commonly spread 4 to 10 feet across so plan planting distances accordingly. In containers the spread is limited but frequent division or pruning will be needed to manage size. Plant at the same soil depth as the nursery pot and firm soil around the rootball.

Containers and indoor care

Indoors the philodendron typically reaches about 3 to 8 feet depending on light and pot size and benefits from bright indirect light and high humidity. Rotate the pot for even growth and prune older leaves to maintain shape. Use a chunky, well draining potting mix with organic matter to balance moisture and airflow around roots.

Controlling spread and invasiveness

In frost free gardens this species can form large clumps by basal suckers and expansion. Control spread by removing new suckers, dividing clumps every few years and avoiding unchecked planting near native vegetation. Check local invasive species lists before planting outdoors in warm regions where it can naturalize.

Propagation

Propagate easily by stem cuttings rooted in water or potting mix and by division of established clumps. Air layering works for larger specimens that need top sections preserved. Cuttings root readily from nodes. Use clean tools and wear gloves to avoid skin irritation from sap.

Toxicity and safe handling

All parts contain insoluble calcium oxalate crystals and are toxic to people and pets if chewed or ingested. Skin contact may cause irritation and chewing can cause drooling, pain, vomiting and swelling. Keep plants away from children and animals and contact poison control or a veterinarian if ingestion occurs.

Frequently asked questions

How fast does it grow?: Growth rate varies with light, soil and climate. Indoors growth is moderate reaching a few feet over years. In warm frost free gardens growth can be faster and form large clumps over several seasons.
Is it toxic to pets?: Yes. All parts contain calcium oxalate crystals that irritate mouth and gut. Seek veterinary advice if ingestion is suspected.
What light does it need?: Bright indirect light to part shade is ideal. It tolerates deeper shade but will grow more slowly and produce differently sized leaves.
Can I plant it outdoors in my zone?: Plant outdoors without winter protection in USDA zones 9 through 11. In colder zones keep it as a container or indoor plant and avoid exposure to frost.
How do I propagate it?: Use stem cuttings rooted in water or potting mix, divide clumps or try air layering for large specimens. Wear gloves and use clean tools.